孕期流感疫苗


每年,数千名孕妇因流感并发症住院,占美国所有流感相关住院人数的 24% 至 34%.


为什么这些数字这么高?

怀孕会导致免疫系统、肺部和心脏发生变化,使孕妇更容易患上流感引起的严重疾病。怀孕期间感染流感会导致严重疾病,如肺炎,并导致早产等妊娠问题。 

注射流感疫苗是预防流感的最佳方式。采取预防措施(如勤洗手、咳嗽或打喷嚏时捂住口鼻,以及避免与患者近距离接触)是有帮助的,但经证明,只有流感疫苗可以将感染流感的风险降低最多 40%。

在怀孕期间接种流感疫苗也可以保护出生后的婴儿。这种疫苗使人体产生对抗流感病毒的抗体。这些抗体通过胎盘传递给胎儿。接种疫苗的母亲,其婴儿出生时就可以免受流感的侵袭,在 6 个月大时接种疫苗之前,他们可以避免患严重疾病。

流感疫苗一直以来能够在怀孕期间保证安全。在过去几十年里,数百万孕妇接种了疫苗,且没有出现重大并发症。对数千名在怀孕前或怀孕期间接种流感疫苗的人员进行的研究表明,未增加出生缺陷的风险。尚未发现流感疫苗会导致流产或早产。

接种疫苗的最佳时间是什么时候?

处于妊娠晚期,即妊娠第三期的孕妇,可以在 7 月份或 8 月份接种流感疫苗,这是为新出生的宝宝在流感季提供保护的最好机会。9 月份和 10 月份通常是其他所有孕期的孕妇接种疫苗的好时机。流感疫苗需要每年注射一次。流感病毒变化迅速,因此疫苗每年都会更新,以匹配传播过程中最普遍的流感毒株。

虽然有鼻部喷雾剂疫苗,但不建议孕妇使用,因为它含有减毒活性流感病毒。

如果您感染流感且怀孕了怎么办?

如果您在过去 2 周内怀孕或已经生产,无论您是否接种了流感疫苗,都要立即前往您的医疗护理提供者处就诊,以获取抗病毒药物。如果您接触过流感患者,您的医疗护理提供者可能也会建议您服用抗病毒药物。

抗病毒药物有助于减轻流感症状的严重程度,缩短病程。在症状出现后 48 时内给药效果最好,但也可以在出现症状后随时给药。

快速事实

  • 孕妇比未怀孕女性患流感并发症的风险更高。她们更有可能出现肺炎等严重并发症,也更有可能住院。

  • 抵御流感的最好方法是注射流感疫苗。多年来从数百万女性获得的数据显示,在怀孕期间注射流感疫苗是安全的。孕妇应该在有机会接种流感疫苗时尽快接种。

  • 流感疫苗不会引起流感。疫苗由灭活的流感病毒或减毒的流感病毒制成。这两种病毒都不能引起流感。

  • 在孕期接种流感疫苗的女性,其宝宝会获得对抗流感的抗体,这有助于在其未满 6 个月无法接种流感疫苗之前为其提供保护。

  • 虽然注射流感疫苗是预防流感的最佳方法,但还有其他预防措施,包括勤洗手、咳嗽或打喷嚏时掩口鼻、避免与流感患者密切接触。  

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 3 Facts about Flu Vaccination, Treatment and Pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pregnancy/hcp-toolkit/flu-vaccine-pregnancy.html#:~:text=Getting%20a%20flu%20shot%20can,too%20young%20to%20get%20vaccinated. Accessed June 5, 2023. 

CDC. Flu Vaccine Safety and Pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/qa_vacpregnant.htm. Accessed June 5, 2023.

Cuningham W, Geard N, Fielding JE, et al. Optimal timing of influenza vaccine during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2019;13(5):438-452.

Holstein R, Dawood FS, O'Halloran A, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Pregnant Women With Influenza, 2010 to 2019 : A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study. Ann Intern Med. 2022;175(2):149-158.

Kharbanda EO, Vazquez-Benitez G, Shi WX, et al. Assessing the safety of influenza immunization during pregnancy: the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207(3 Suppl):S47-S51.

Moro PL, Broder K, Zheteyeva Y, et al. Adverse events in pregnant women following administration of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and live attenuated influenza vaccine in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 1990-2009. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204(2):146.e1-146.e1467. 

Nordin JD, Kharbanda EO, Benitez GV, et al. Maternal safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(3):519-525.

Nunes MC, Madhi SA. Influenza vaccination during pregnancy for prevention of influenza confirmed illness in the infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(3):758-766.

Quach THT, Mallis NA, Cordero JF. Influenza Vaccine Efficacy and Effectiveness in Pregnant Women: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Matern Child Health J. 2020;24(2):229-240.

This translation was supported by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as a part of a financial assistance award totaling $15,000 with 100 percent funded by ACOG and CDC/HHS. The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by ACOG, CDC/HHS, or the U.S. Government.